That depends on how you learn, really. Some people can learn well from books, others tutorials.
Regarding books, this is a pretty good reference:
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3...guide-and-list
You'll probably benefit from "Programming: Principles and Practice Using C++" which is a common recommendation for new programmers.
Yes, this is a long-ish book, but you don't need everything to get on your feet. If you already know Matlab, you probably don't need to relearn what a function is, but you SHOULD learn about how programs are made --- namely compilation and linking, and you should get a feel for Object Oriented Programming and the way data is stored on the machine.
In this book, you'll probably want to get started with "Part I: The Basics", and I would also recommend Chapter 17 if you have time. The rest you can look at if you're interested or if you encounter specific challenges with your projects.
This isn't exactly the quickest solution, but it's a trusted and established one.
EDIT: I can't speak for what the optimal online tutorials are, but maybe:
http://www.cplusplus.com/doc/tutorial/
I've used the site for language references, but glossing over the tutorial it looks pretty good too. You might want to use this to get a quick start, and then refer to the book or other online sources if you have specific questions.