[Math] Summation Help
 

So my math teacher gave me a book to work with so I can do some math work for later studies I'm aiming for. Now I've encountered something I don't understand, and luck is with me: my math teacher won't be here for the next couple of weeks >.>

Here we go!
I've been given this formula to work out summations:


From what I understand (just so people can see if I interpret the symbols wrong):
A summation equals half of the top number (n), multiplied by (the first solution of the series (a1) + the last solution of the series (an))
With this assumption, I got this question:


Which I worked out like this:


But when I put the question in WolframAlpha (like most of us do I expect), it tells me the solution is 16958.
I don't have pro, so I can't see a step-by-step solution.
What did I do wrong?

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Edit: I solved one summation before where this method DID work. The main difference I see is that it has k=1 instead of k=10, but it isn't explained that it makes a difference.


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Edit minutes later:
Wait, is the first formula incomplete? Because I do get 16958 if I use the length of the series (10 through 70 being 61 numbers), and not n.


Is there something important that's not being told here?

Re: [Math] Summation Help
 

Use length of the series (upper limit - lower limit + 1) over 2 as your multiplier. Formula you were given only applies when k = 1 and should've been rewritten if other questions have other lower limit values.

Re: [Math] Summation Help
 

Another way to look at it is to write out the first few and last few terms of the series. This also might give you some insight into how that summation formula came about.

K starts at 10. 7K-2 then equals 68. When K=11, 7K-2=75. And so on, up to K=70 when 7K-2=488.

The sigma is really just a short way of expressing
68+75+82+...+474+481+488. Let's see what happens when we add that series to itself...but the second one is turned around!
488+481+474+...+82+75+68. This is the same as the first because addition is commutative. Now we add up pairs of terms.

68+488=556
75+481=556
82+474=556

Hey, there's a pattern! Each pair adds up to the same number! And since we know how many pairs there are, we can just multiply that out! 556*61=33916...but wait, that's the result of TWICE the sum. So after we've divided by 2, we find that the sum is 16958.

So yeah, you're reading it wrong. A summation equals half of the number of terms in the series, times the sum of the first and last terms. The formula you were trying to use at first only works when the number of terms equals the value of n.

(this is what I get for trying to be fancy)

Re: [Math] Summation Help
 

Well sure, that's the short version of Gauss' anecdote :P
But I don't care about materialistic examples, I just look at the formula and figure it out from there.
My problem now is that the formula seems wrong? Shouldn't it be:

Where k1 means the value of k in the first iteration (the bottom value)

Re: [Math] Summation Help
 

The formula only works for k=1. If you have a summation that starts from another number, you can split the summation:

Sum(k to n) = Sum(1 to n) - Sum(1 to k-1)

Re: [Math] Summation Help
 

Oh nice, I tried something like that while fumbling about. I think I did the second sum to k instead of k-1. So close :P

Re: [Math] Summation Help
 

The kth term is in the summation, so you don't want to end up deleting it.

Re: [Math] Summation Help
 

You know what, why make another thread about a single question.
This is completely unrelated to the OP, but it's just another math question.

I have no idea how to do this, and sadly, neither does my teacher :|
I don't know all the technical math in english, so bear with me...

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Define at the given polynomial f(x) and the given number "a" a polynomial g(x) and a number "b" in such a way that f(x) = (x - a)g(x) + b

f(x) = 2x^2 + 3, a = 1
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This is how far I get:
2x^2 + 3 = (x - 1)g(x) + b

...After that I just get entangled in the quadratic formula.

Re: [Math] Summation Help
 

2x^2 + 3 = (x - 1)g(x) + b
2x^2 + 3 - b = (x - 1)g(x)

Since 2x^2 + 3 - b is a second degree polynomial and (x - 1) is a first degree polynomial, g(x) will be a first degree polynomial in the form of cx + d.

(cx + d)(x - 1) = 2x^2 + 3 - b
cx^2 - cx + dx - d = 2x^2 + 3 - b

So c = 2. That leaves:

2x^2 - 2x + dx - d = 2x^2 + 3 - b
(d - 2)x - d = 3 - b

So d = 2. That leaves:

(2 - 2)x - 2 = 3 - b
-2 = 3 - b
b = 5

So g(x) = 2x + 2 and b = 5.

Re: [Math] Summation Help
 

Oh, fancy!

Thanks :D

Re: [Math] Summation Help
 

Double post, but is "b" always f(a)?

Re: [Math] Summation Help
 

I totally forgot about that theorem. Here's a proof:

Let f be a polynomial of degree n. The formula for dividing f(x) by (x-a) is:

f(x) = g(x)(x-a) + b, where g(x) is a polynomial of degree n-1 and b is the remainder of the division.

Let's see what is the value of f(a):

f(a) = g(a)(a-a) + b
f(a) = g(a)(0) + b
f(a) = b

QED